Breakwater Gaol

The Breakwater Prison, also known as the Breakwater Gaol, was constructed in 1860 to house British convicts employed on building the breakwater that enabled Cape Town’s harbour to be developed. A quarry below the prison, near the site of today’s Two Oceans Aquarium, supplied hard rock that was transported by hand-powered rail wagons up the hill and through a tunnel. Many inmates had been convicted of petty crimes, including escaping forced naval service in England, offences that carried sentences of hard labour.

The building visible today is the Industrial Breakwater Prison, a national monument designed with four castellated turrets and an enclosed courtyard, based on the Millbank and Pentonville prisons in England. It functioned as a prison for only about ten years. In 1891, white prisoners were moved into this building, making it the first site in South Africa to racially segregate black and white convicts. Before segregation, a white convict was required to sleep between two black convicts, on the belief that language and cultural barriers would limit plotting and dissent.

The prison gained a reputation as one of the most feared in the world, with stories claiming inmates from almost every known nationality were held there. After a strike in 1885, during which black and white convicts met together in the yard, authorities enforced stricter racial separation. The prison also included a punishment block with a human-powered treadmill used both as labour and punishment.

After its brief period as a prison, the building became a juvenile offenders’ institution, and from 1926 to 1989 it served as a hostel for black dock workers. Since 1991, it has housed the Breakwater Lodge and the University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business within what is now the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront. Traces of its past remain, including graffiti carved into the stone walls by inmates and the nearby Gallows Hill area, which was once  part of the prison complex, long before Robben Island was used as a prison eakwater Gaol